No Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

No Topic - Essay ExampleAccording to Sanders, the beginning sy antecedent, introduced in the 1990s, had all along been used by NSF to refer to separate subjects of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics while roughly people thought it STEM education referred to interaction among the stake holders (2009, p. 20). However, due to the global challenges and competition face up by the U.S from other countries like China and India, the STEM program was heavily backed up by the government by providing funds and advocating the integration of the STEM subjects to other ordinary school subjects (Clemson University, n.d). As a result, the current education system of K-12 in the U.S implements the STEM curriculum and education policy.On the other hand, several(prenominal) forms of integrative stem education can be identified in the American education system. Firstly, integration of engineering with high school education subjects, particularly science and mathematics, is one form of integrative schooling that en opens and tutors to address problems in the real world (North Carolina State University, 2011). Further, the North Carolina State University states that various strategies have been enforced to enable instructors to incorporate engineering concepts when training students on science and mathematics (2011). This form of integrative learning is important not only to the students but also to the nation as a whole. This is because students are able to identify problems in the real world and provide solutions based on ideas from multi-disciplinary approach.Another form of stem integration is the inclusion of arts and literary subjects to the main STEM subjects. According to North Carolina State University, students choose to have an array of diverse skills in order to effective engineer solution to the problems existing in the current society (2011). In this form of integration, students get to learn effective communication skills through the literary sub jects something that is important

Global expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global expansion - Essay ExamplePolitical and companionable climate of distant countries. Local taxes and regulatory systems. Currency danger and Foreign exchange management. Transfer price and supply range of mountains management. Local workforce. Diversified elaborations of international markets Cultural differences substantially impact the way companies do businesses. It is important to be aw atomic number 18 of the disparities that will be at your disposal in the target market. When expanding into international market, the accustomed norms, value and behavior of the local citizens mustnt be ignored. A bottle of Ameri whoremaster whisky can be an offense in middle-east countries. Political and social climate of foreign countries A stable political and social system can be beneficial for the company which intends to expand whereas unrest and destabilized political system can create new issues for it. Local taxes and regulatory systems It is crucial to determine whether the tax regime for international businesses is intimate or competitive. Corporate tax rate with low headline is always appealing for the companies. Currency risk and foreign exchange management Companies must determine whether the local currency is stable or volatile. It should too stumble if currency hedging can be obtained at a reasonable cost. Transfer price and supply chain management Development of effective supply chain helps to generate the companys cash flow more quickly. Brief information should also be gathered regarding the transfer pricing policies of the foreign countries. Local workforce Effective communication of the local workforce has the ability to make or break the progress of business. It is the foundation of success for every business. Right people at the right localisation principle that is, financers, staff, suppliers, regulators, quality of customers can provide a competitive edge to the business. 2. Explain what heathenish barriers and diversity issues are comm only encountered by international/multinational (MNC) and global organizations. Cultural Barriers and Diversity Issues MNCs usually promote consumerist culture by producing standard commodities for diversified cultures. Yet, culture frequently become barrier and creates distances. The following are the prime reason of diversified cultures all over the world. Communication and Language Barrier- Different languages are spoken in different countries which become a hindrance for MNCs. It is an essential means of communicating with customers, retailers, suppliers etc. therefore, language often becomes a barrier in diversified cultures. Religion- Religious backgrounds usually have substantial impact on the individuals. People do not psychologically and emotionally accept something which is not aligned with their religious values. This often becomes hindrance for MNCs while tapping into diversified nations and cultures. Accustomed/diversified Culture- Socio-cultural differences, norms, beliefs, values, attitudes, perceptions congregate to form a certain cultural background of a country. These aspects vary from country to country and therefore construct a diversified nature of the world. 3. Why has diversity become such an important topic in the international arena? splendour of Cultural Diversity Cultural diversity plays a vital role for a company. The criteria diversifies customer groups on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity, age, educational background, beliefs, lifestyles, language,

Research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

look project - Essay ExampleThus, the environment normal in the clubs is a huge concern to the owners which is why they have laid emphasis on the guarantor of their customers. Therefore, hiring of employees to manage people is an important issue for the owners. The hired employees should be capable of effectively handling and maintaining engaging atmosphere in and around the night clubs. The Information Technology (IT) environment consists of confused activities which are expect to provide solutions to the numerous concerns that arise from the technological activities. The technicians are expected to be experts and possess ample acquaintance regarding different business problems that use the IT technicalities. Moreover, preferences are given to young talents as efficiency and hardworking efforts are more likely to be generated by the younger generation. For the convenience of business professionals, IT has been introduced in almost provided the sectors, such as finance, mili tary, sales and marketing and engineering among others. Thus, the experts at times need to play various roles at different levels such as inventors and innovators, mediators, leaders and negotiators and even security agents (Microsoft, 2012). Apart from these, the IT department has taken up initiatives to engage in research and distribution actions that will improve the awareness towards environmental issues and sustainability. labor and Objectives of the Research Due to the changing nature of the world as a result of modernisation, it has become native for clubs to have the latest security systems that will monitor every activity of the customers. Therefore, the research will attend to to identify the security areas that are being assisted by the utilisation of information technology. Furthermore, any drawbacks or modification to the information systems will be assessed. The research will provide a detailed evidence of how club owners are focusing on using of technological sys tems to ensure customer condom. Scope of the Research Crowd violence and other assaults occurring in night clubs have been making news across the world. It is quick growing as the young generation has considered it to be a latest fashion to party up to late nights at clubs. Thus, the security of the customers is considered as one of the major issues for the owners. Though the owners recruit effective bouncers, it has been state that few of them use their physical strength to control misbehaving crowd. A general rule suggests that bouncers are only allowed to use their hands for self-defence and take custody of any person who needs to be arrested. However, this is non always followed by the bouncers as at times they are not capable of resisting their anger and thus, demand in a fight with the customer. Therefore, the research will enable to evaluate the security systems that monitor the activities of the customers as well as the bouncers. It will help the owners to identify the actual offender behind the quarrel. Moreover, the systems will be compared with the modern innovations which will meet the security standards of the club. Furthermore, the improvement of customer safety and effective measures required for obtaining the safety standards will be

Fitness Movement in the USA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fitness Movement in the ground forces - Assignment ExampleSeveral fitness businesses ranging from small storefronts to multipurpose clubs, women-only bastions to muscle gyms dotted the sporting landscape. complete clubs donated the industry until the twentieth century when the industry was transformed by the large centrally owned chains. harmonise to Costa & Guthrie (1994), the last decade of the twentieth century was depicted by the formation of Chandlerian core, a phone line to the peripheral industry. The fitness movement thrived successfully in an environment that gifted collective individualism an environment where the labor of public exercise initiated individual virtue. The shifting gender relations and the interest of women and men in molding a fit toned but healthy body were the founding issues of the movement (Costa & Guthrie, 1994).In conclusion, the fitness movement focused on health and individuals responses to building self-esteem. The movement serves a positive an d rattling need while focussing on profits from people and depend on insecurities and the desire to absorb a glimpse at commercially constructed images of aesthetic value. The images of beauty taking the form of fitness in hyper-competitive, zero-sum, winner-take-all environment with an evanescent mirage security lead to deteriorating human happiness.

ORGANISATION AND BEHAVIOUR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

ORGANISATION AND BEHAVIOUR - Essay Example aside of various strategies, and techniques that ar used to enhance greater productivity of human capital, motivation is a blue-chip psychological tool that promote people to be high performers. The first part of the assignment dialogue about the motivational theory in practice at Tesco, and explains concepts of change and leadership styles in intercourse to the motivational theory. Tesco is UKs leading grocery and general merchandising retailer operating through more than than 2000 stores in UK alone (Tescoplc.com, 2012). Motivation and Non-financial motivesSchermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn (2005) defined motivation as forces within an individual that pecker for the level, direction and persistence of efforts expended at work (p. 120). An individual can be motivated by a number of different factors such as pay, reward, appreciation, promotion in the work, break working condition and so on. When an individual is motivated by any such meth od, he is mostly found to work harder and yield sincere gratitude towards his job task and thus to be highly productive and be high performer. A company may use various types of non-financial motives such as 1) promotion, 2) safety at work, 3) reward and recognition, 4) better working condition, 5) health support, 6) education for children, 7) friendly atmosphere within the workplace, 8) organizational learning, 9) cooperation and 10) multicultural workplace. Effects of unintended workforce ... A company may use various types of non-financial motives such as 1) promotion, 2) safety at work, 3) reward and recognition, 4) better working condition, 5) health support, 6) education for children, 7) friendly atmosphere within the workplace, 8) organizational learning, 9) cooperation and 10) multicultural workplace. Effects of unmotivated workforce Unmotivated workforce testament not work harder and therefore they will not be high performers or high productive in the workplace as comp ard to those who ar motivated. Unmotivated workforce will not help the company create a brand devotion among the customers as they be very likely to make mistakes and this will adversely impact the demarcation. Unmotivated employees are found to show increased absenteeism and high turnover which in turn affecting the quality of business operation. Tesco benefiting from motivated workforce At Tesco, the management is highly concerned about customers as well as staff. The company supports its staff with its specially adjusted work and life balance through rewards and recognition. Flexible working, decreased health expenses, membership in gym, competitive salary, staff discount and companys share options are some of Tescos attractive motivation incentives it offered to its people. From these incentives, Tesco has been benefiting to create trust and respect among its people. At Tesco, the motivated staffs are found to be in a partnership relation with managerial staff and thus they in effect accomplish their expected goals (The Times 100, 2012). Taylors motivation theory as not relevant to twenty-first century According to Taylors motivation theory, people are motivated by financial incentives as he argued that people worked purely for money. In early years, Taylor

Stratigiec planning in Tourism and leisure(To critically assess the Essay

Stratigiec supplying in Tourism and leisure(To critically assess the theory and practice of strategic planning for Tourism) - Essay ExampleDespite this slump, the WTO still forecasts arrivals to strive 1.65 billion by 2020. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, the contribution of the travel and tourism to stark(a) Domestic Product (GDP) is expected to grow US$10.478 billion by 2019 (2009). In order to strive optimum growth in tourism, a crucial plan must be developed and henceforward be implemented. There atomic number 18 numerous approaches to tourism planning as stated by Getz (1986) are boosterism, economic, physical / spatial, community. While Edgell, Allen, Smith & Swanson (2008) argues that One popular tourism planning mechanism is strategic planning, a framework designed to provide direction for any tourism organisation or depot with the emphasis on quality, efficiency and effectiveness Consequently, this research aims to analyse and focus on tourism strat egic planning and its importance, evaluate the strategic process and practices of the current time, layout the various stakeholders and the level of participation of each in strategic planning, establish the relationship of selling to strategic planning through the analysis of case studies and previous inputs. 1.1 Literature Review The tourism sector entails extensive and detailed planning and coordination. According to Stynes and Halloran, it should be general in such a way that it takes into account resources available to tourism in its entirety, organizations, markets, programs within a region and consider the economic, environmental, social and institutional aspects of tourism development (1987a). Tourism planning has developed from two interrelated but diverse sets of planning beliefs and methodologies. The first is that tourism is one of many activities in a subject that must be regarded as part of physical, environmental, social and economic forecasting. The degree by whic h tourism is addressed in such plans depends upon its comparative signifi ejectce to the community or area and how responsive it is to tourism-related activities. Likewise, it can be perceived as a business wherein the community or region opts to engage in planning to include feasibility, marketing, promotions product development and forecasting. A comprehensive approach combines a strategic marketing scheme with conventional planning efforts to create a balance between the needs and wants of tourism and that of local anaesthetic residents. GUNN (1979) With the growth of tourism, the market has become both complex and challenging so it has become imperative for stakeholders to stand the escalating demands of tourists who travel and spend their holidays in resorts, hotels and leisure destinations for more efficient world-class standards in accommodations, amenities and transportation. grave considerations include the concept of new tourism which Poon explains as having gone throug h intense transformation in terms of new consumers, novel technologies and forms of production, management styles and prevailing circumstances (1993). Fayos-Sola mentions that new tourism is distinguished by the super-segmentation of demand, flexibility of supply and distribution and achieving profitability through diagonal integration and subsequent system

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethics - Essay ExampleThey therefore, greatly advance critical thinking so as to make the right decision under the given circumstances. In the contemporary environment of fast changing dynamics of socio-cultural and economic environment, ethical consideration and morality stir become big issues, especially in the corporate world. The multicultural societies encompassing people from different race, color, finis and nations have increasingly become common across the globe. The inclusion of diversity within and outside the bloodline paradigms have turned into major ethical issues that must be addressed. In fact, racial differences and lack of intellectual of cross cultural values have fast emerged has vital ingredients of workplace conflicts leading to unethical conduct. I believe that rational thinking rather than emotions or intuition is the key facilitator for ethical decision make process. Rationalizing events and looking at the pros and con of the situation are major tools o f critical thinking that helps to come up with right solution that is fair and is based on informed choices. The interpretation of events and human behavior must be accompanied by proper dissemination of information. The understanding of the issues promotes wider acceptance of the decisions made.

1- Robert Adam and William Chamber were two of the most prolific Essay

1- Robert Adam and William Chamber were two of the most prolific - Essay interpreterAdam travelledthere in 1754, getting valuable knowledge of classical literature and draughtsmanship. He was tutored by two prominent personalities in the field of computer architecture Giovanni Battista Piranese of Italy and Charles-Louis Clerisseau of France.5 Chambers too (like Adam) studied architecture and draughtsmanship under French architect Charles-Louis Clerisseau. While in Italy, Chambers did an extensive tour and examination of the Roman ruins and the workings of noted Italian architects, especially Palladio.6A major difference between the two prominent architects was their style. Both are looked upon as experts in neoclassical style of architecture, or new classical style, so called because it represented a revival of classic forms of architecture that both men studied at aloofness in France and Italy.7 While Chambers embodied the essential characteristics of high fashion tastes of h is time,8 Adam created his own curious style, which was built on the style of those times.9As a result of several trips to China, Chambers was deeply delighted by Chinese designs, returning to England with a large number of drawings of Chinese buildings and gardens. While his architectural works did reflect his knowledge and learning of neoclassical architecture (as a result of his visits to France and Italy), his fascination for Chinese designs was clear apparent in his later architectural works. Chambers favoured bold exteriors that reflected a blend of Roman, Florentine, Genoese and Venetian styles. He did not favour any startling mannerisms, preferring to place his style somewhere between the laborious, awing style of Vanbrugh and the lighter, morepure style of Adam. Experts are of the opinion that the outlook of Chambers was more Continental and international as compared to Adam.10 One of the only two (the other being Somerset House) famous architectural works of Chambers co ntains a distinct Chinese design flavour Kew Gardens (1757

Lululemon Marketing Anaylsis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lululemon food marketing Anaylsis - Research composition ExampleThe company boasts of her ability to incorporate fashion and style in their products, which has ensured her strong label deferred payment and high number of sales. The companys concentration in Canada is much better e particular(a)ly notice awareness than in the US despite the fact that it has more stores in US than Canada. Current Market According to Tucker, Lululemon identifies itself with a high quality as sanitary as exclusive yoga and sporting preen strictly meant for female (Web). It operates in numerous stores across North America, Australia and New Zealand where it offers womens wear for yoga, dance, racecourse and other sport pointts. Most of the companys customers are high-income women that are insulated to prices and the downturn of the economy as was evident in 2008 when the sales grew despite economic challenges. It has more stores in U.S compared with Canada that contributed to the $452.9 million r evenue and consummate(a) of $ 223. Lululemon intends to make her US brand as better as the Canadian one because US has more stores than in Canada. The company is putting a lot of effort boost her brand awareness in the US market (Tucker Web). The organization has successfully returned to the community that gives it support such as hosting free yoga events close to town. The company focuses on high quality products, which attracts higher prices for her upper income women target. Lululemon ensures prestigious and exclusive products that act as fashion forward and shows a healthy, headspring off lifestyle. The expensive high-end workout apparel has seen it standing even amid recession in 2008 due to the current market perception of the brand. Target Market Lululemons target market is 18-34 fit, health conscious and fashion forward, high-income females who are the companys vital customers. The active unseasoned thinking woman who are appearance conscious, physically fit and well en lightened. Lululemon targets mostly the upper and snapper class females residing in North America with the niche marketing strategy by pursuing a narrowly defined market segment. The niche market strategy has greatly contributed to the success of the company hence making it remain a primary market target. In the recent past, the company has been striving to grow reach the male workout market for some time (Tucker Web). New male clothing brand with really high quality is another target market that the company looks forward to dominate. The males targeted are educated and physically active and appearance conscious aged between 16 and 45 living in North America. It is also targeting the pre-teen girls who may not be identified with the more mature females as well as more for more value proposition within all brands of the company. The target customer for Lululemon is very complex, active as well as health and is aimed at carrying out product expansion and twinned the lifecycle and social status of those women. Current Marketing Strategy Acording to Ellis, Lululemons goal is to implement brand character reference and reposition brand awareness that may result into 10% total growth as well 5% female growth within the next one year (Web). The strategy also involves attribute a challenge in five Canadian cities and general 10% increase until 2025. The company has fixed down various marketing strategies that may boost her sales and cover wider market. There are special marketing displays proposed by the management that helps in displaying products in stores for customers to distinguish between the products.

Case Study in Strategic Management Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

In Strategic Management - Case carry ExampleIn the beverage industry, both Coke and Pepsi contract been able to achieve their annual increase in the revenue of around 10% due to the rise in the consumption steadily, year by and by year. In the industry, the profits that each of the companies, Coke and Pepsi depend on each other to come up with the profits as there is stiff competitions between them (Coke, 35). The consumptions of additional more gallons than the 52 per day also brought major profits in the beverage industry despite the challenges that the industries went through. There was also the coming up with several more alternative beverage that led to the consumption of more and more profit.Based on 2009 comparative cost for United States concentrate feeding bottler and concentrate producers had a cumulative income of thirty two percentage while bottlers recorder a net income of eight per cent. Cost of Goods Sold is 0.22 dollars per concentrate case and 2.67 dollars per bottles case. In the concentrate producers there was blending of raw materials ingredients, were packed in plastic canisters and the n were shipped through the containers to the bottler (Coke, 89). The difference in the profit comes with the difference in the making of the concentration with the concentrates making soupy sweetener while the regular bottlers added sugar or high fructose corn syrup. Some of the probative expenses include promotions, bottler support, promotions, and record research. The bottlers bought concentrate and added carbonated water and sweeteners, canned the final product and then delivered to stores. The concentrates have the plants costing 25 million dollars to the required 50 million to build. The low investment in the take has led to the low profit in the concentrates as compared to the other bottlers.Pepsi and Coke are the leading competitors in the CSD market. Coke was established in 1886

Fresa y chocolate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fresa y chocolate - Essay ExampleThese issues be increasingly important in this age of human blood varieties and politics influence on these relationships. The suggest of this paper is to show Cuban ordination and its contradictions according to the contain, as well as the politics and its criticism in peoples characters and actions. The paper will also pay particular attention to the directors aim of the film and the grandness of the film from the point of view of the historical period concerned.2. The film presents colourful description of Cuban society under Fidel Castros rule, and the plot of the film Fresa y chocolate is tightly connected with life conditions and cultural contradictions of Cuban society. The film tells the story of two young men each of whom had different cultural outlook, although they both support political regime. Diego was a gay artist, exactly homosexual life was forbidden in Cuba. Otherwise, David studied sociology in Havana and was a true communist . The film shows social life in Cuba and its ethical and cultural features which influenced the incline of the film and main characters actions. The both protagonists of the film present two different sides of social ethics the counseling of life of communist ideology supporters, and that of people who dont put down in ethical limits of socialist state. As was mentioned above, Daniel studied sociology, and he was a true communist supporter and a member of communist jejuneness brigades. Diego followed another style of life he was an artist who saw his mission in Cuban floriculture promotion. So, any link between these two young men seems to be rather strange, but in spite of this fact they became real friends Diego is gay, religious and a nationalist, while David is straight, an atheist and a communist. Their relationship is flawed, in addition, by jealousies, both mutual and contextual (Santi, 2001). The name of the film, Fresa y chocolate, is rather symbolic in this context Da vid and Diego met in a caf, David took chocolate while Diego did strawberry ice cream that was surprising to David, but Diego underlined that approximately people prefer chocolate while others prefer strawberry. This scene symbolically shows the protagonists membership to different and at odds(p) sides of political, cultural and ethical sides of Cuban society. The film doesnt deny socialist ideology in Cuba, but in that respect is a clear notion of variety of ethical and sexual life in post transmutation Cuban society. It needs to take into account that Castros regime didnt support such social and ethical phenomenon as homosexuality, and in 1965 he told that we would never come to believe that a homosexual could embody the conditions and requirements of conduct that would enable us to consider him a true Revolutionary, a true Communist militant. A deviation of that genius clashes with the concept we have of what a militant Communist must be (West, 1995). Diego feels real affect ation to David, but his feeling cannot be accepted by his friend in that time in Cuba that is reflected in the film it was just unrealizable desire which contradicted the system of the state. David who was heterosexual is shown as an opposite protagonist he had relationship with women and wanted to be a

The use of Isotopes in medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The engage of Isotopes in medicine - Essay ExampleThus, isotopes are important in the diagnosis of medical conditions, give-and-take of certain diseases, and sterilization of equipment and products.The diagnosis of the medical conditions utilizes radioisotopes. Technetium-99 is the commonly used radioisotope, and the radiation from the element offers essential tuition regarding the functioning of specific organs in order to detect any malfunction. The information from the radiation enables the physicians to tiller accurate and quick diagnosis of the patients illness. Technetium-99 is the most abundant isotope of the radioactive technetium, and can penetrate into the body to interpret vital information. Fundamentally, technetium-99 has important characteristics that make it useful in the diagnosis of the medical conditions. Notably, the isotope is metastable. This implies that technetium-99 has excited nucleus that emits the da da Gamma rays to attain stability (Roat-Malone, 2003 ). Consequently, the emitted gamma rays are significant in medicine because they enable the medical practitioners to design the internal body parts for crucial diagnostic information. It is noteworthy that the gamma radiations are not perverting to the body. The emitted gamma rays contain ideal energy (140.5 KeV) for the detection with the gamma camera (World Nuclear Association, 2015). Similarly, the half-life of sixer hours makes the technetium-99 a useful element in the diagnosis of disease. In effect, the decay time is enough for the physicians to breeding any medical test.The use of the technetium-99 in the diagnosis of medical conditions has notable advantages, as well as, disadvantages. The keeping of technetium-99 as a pure gamma emitter is important in the analysis of the internal body parts. Gamma radiation produced by the isotope has energy levels that do not harm the human body (Roat-Malone, 2003). Hence, the radiations are invulnerable and do not interfere with th e normal

Why I want to attend a particular law school Essay

Why I want to attend a surgical incisionicular jurisprudence school - Essay ExampleTo begin with, I am convinced that I am an excellent match for the Harvard Law School Program on International Financial Systems (PIFS), since the course of study has been instrumental at inculcating exchange of ideas as well as research on capital markets, fiscal regulation, and foreign financial systems. With my Bachelors degree in Finance, and my keen interest towards the international law realms, I have undoubtedly looked into a number of law schools and found that Harvard Law Schools PIF, being run by acclaimed professor Hal Scott is an exceptional blueprint, which offers a more comprehensive study of international finance than any other law school.It gives me more reason to be genuinely excited nearly the possibility of participating in Harvard Law Schools global international legal studies remote the classroom. Specifically, the international learning possibilities afforded by attending t he Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland fall out sizeable when I contemplate such measures.My personal commitment towards improving the conditions in Tanzania and east Africa, as discussed in my personal statement, would greatly be facilitated by my studies of the World Trade Organization law and the linked Nations law, besides international finance and economics. Harvard Law School has a universal appeal to an individual who is smell at to attend a law school, as well as to any organization or agency, which is looking to hire the sharpest legal minds.I would be most pleased and honored to be a part of the Harvard Law Schools younger demographics, with decades ahead of me to hone my legal skills and to become a scholarly person in a field that will only continue to grow and develop as international expertise in the

Marketing Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Principles - Essay ExampleThe main contention has however been Pepsi Company. The latter for instance has a grocery store share of about 75% in the Asiatic market. This is compared to 25% of the coca cola company in the same market. One of the main concerns in the company has been the sharp drop in the consumption of the sugary soft drinks. The drop has been witnessed in the joined States, which offers the largest market, and the united Kingdom. The major cause of drop has been health concerns. For instance, majority of people with diabetes cannot drink the normal soft drinks. In addition to that, the increased lifestyle diseases have prompted majority of people to seek more honorable drinks. To chance upon this, most consumers have shifted to sugarless drinks and fresh juices. This has put the coca cola company in an feckless situation with no option than begin production of sugar free products to maintain its growth and market control. Despite this, there have bee n allegations that some of the chemicals used as ingredients in the manufacture of coke whitethorn cause people to get cancer. It is this fear that has led to a sharp drop in consumptions. In India for instance, there was a sharp drop of about 11% in 2003 after the ministry of health embossed health concern issues (Crowley 2000, p.98). To oercome the above challenges, there is need for the company to produce a bare-ass product will address the gap in the market. The main challenge has been the need to produce healthy drinks. Although the Diet Coke has been produced to address the problem, it is only found in few markets such as the United States and United Kingdom (Elcock 2000, p.90). The drink contains fewer calories compared with the normal drinks. However, the introduction of the sassy product does not basal that the company should stop the production of the present products. It is important to note that different consumers have different tastes and preferences. For that reas on, the new product is aimed at addressing the gap and the new demand in the market. This is imperative for gaining a competitive edge, in a market that is dominated by other companies such as Pepsi. The latter company has attracted a large pool of clients because it produces some of the most health drinks. In order to facilitate the production of a new product, the coca cola company needs to have an objective strategy. Apart from carrying out a marketing research to collect important information, the 7Ps of marketing mix and new product development lick will be considered. This will assist the company make informed decision before reservation any decision. Task 1 Marketing is a wide concept that involves a number of processes. Firstly, the line of products communicates to the customers directly through an avenue. The customers get the knowledge of what is being produced in a market. Secondly, marketing is also a strategy employed by a company to gain a competitive edge over its clients. The Coca Cola Company has been using the marking strategy to attract more clients and retain the up-to-the-minute ones. The process involves advertisement and different forms of communications meant to reach the clients. Marketing concepts refer to the process through which the oversight seeks to fulfil both the identified and unidentified needs of the society. To achieve this though, different marketing orientations such as branding, business and industrial marketing and society

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International trade - Essay idealmainland China and the south East Asian countries such as Singapore have been in contract for their export based economies (Rivera-Batiz & Oliva, 2003). External trade is usually heavily controlled by countries by applying duty against upshots and subsidizing exports. forgive trade means the government does not discriminate against national and foreign producers of goods. The price of goods is determined by means of the equilibrium of supply and demand. A country which allows free trade does not impose high import duties and neither does it subsidize its exports through schemes and promotions. Body 2)Advantages of International Trade The major advantages of international trade atomic number 18 It enhances the competitiveness of local industries as they come into contact with international best practices and technological knowhow. It helps the country to vote down the shortage in born(p) resources. One example is the import of crude oil by so me countries to overcome the natural deficiency. International trade allows consumers to buy products at low cost. An example of this has been the proliferation of manufacturing industries to China. Manufacturing goods produced in China are low cost and thus leads to benefits to the end users. International trade nookie be a vehicle for poverty reduction. China has increased its GDP rapidly in the last 20 eld by becoming an export hub for international companies. This has reduced poverty and created employment for a billion Chinese (Rivera-Batiz & Oliva, 2003). Disadvantages of International Trade Some of the main disadvantages are International trade can lead to desolation of local industries if they are not able to compete with the cheap products imported from abroad. International trade can lead to jobless growth of the economy. This can cause social unrest among the population. India is a country whose exports more often than not consist of services such as Information tec hnology. However IT is a capital intensive domain which creates very few jobs leading to large scale unemployment in the country. International trade can alike lead to depletion of natural resources such as coal, iron-ore etc. if they are exported to other countries (Rivera-Batiz & Oliva, 2003). International trade has as well as caused various environmental and human rights concern. It is alleged that the factories in China and Mexico do not follow the exigent environmental guidelines followed in developed world. They are also accused of employing child labour to reduce the cost of products (Rivera-Batiz & Oliva, 2003). 3)Major Trading Partners of UAE The major trading teammates of UAE are Japan, China, European Union and India. Japan is UAEs biggest export partner (17.27% share) and China is the biggest import partner (15.03% share) (Oxford Business Group, 2010). 4)Most Important Exports OF UAE The most important exports from UAE are crude oil, natural gas, fish, dates and pr oducts which are re-exported after processing (Zaman, 2011). 5)Trade Policy of UAE UAE signed the General Agreement on Trade and responsibility (GATT) in 1994 and became a WTO member in

Pre contract cost planning and pre contract cost controlling Essay

Pre contract cost think and pre contract cost controlling - Essay ExampleJames Nisbet was the first who conceived and developed the technique of elemental cost analysis for construction projects. Nisbet technique demanded the architects to design to cost in opposition to the approximate quantities regularity of estimating, which basically involved be a design with very little control. Thus, the elemental costing onset facilitated the client to get a more consistent pre-tender estimate, and tendered the design team a model so as to control cost at the design development stage itself. As per Nisbet, the cost planning should be developed jointly by the quantity surveyor and the architect and postulated that such close cooperation could, in the coarse run, result in the integration of the profession of quantity surveyors and the architects as one-stop supply of consultancy firms. In 1962, the cost search panel of RICS (Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors) established the Buil ding Cost Information Services (BCIS) mainly to crumple cost data for the introduction of such cost plans. Now, BCIS has developed a national database in surplusage of 16,000 element cost analysis, which is available online now. Such data can be utilized to prepare the pre-contract approximating exploit in the construction sector together to make sure the value for money by assisting the causation to make certain about the most proper distribution of costs well within the refer project. Thus, cost management is the process of assisting the design team to design to cost instead of the quantity surveyor costing a design (Potts & Ankrah 201359).Cost management is a complete process, which make certain that the contract count is within the approved budget or cost limit of the client. The modus of the design cost control is that by employing the cost planning method which is the evaluation of existing projects into various functional elements so as to offer a means of evaluation bet ween

Reactive Attachment Disorder and Attachment Therapy Essay Example for Free

Reactive accessory distemper and Attachment Therapy EssayReactive Attachment Disorder and Attachment Therapy University of New York in Prague Reactive Attachment Disorder and Attachment Therapy Introduction There has been growing financial aid on addition theory and its jolts on after behavioral outcomes. Several research keep up found an association between addendum insecurity and personality disorders due to inconsistent and un motionless sense of self and association between insecure fastening and material illness due to susceptibility to stress.Although it has various implications on sense of integrated personality and psychological well-being, the yet pathology that is officially associate to extension is Reactive Attachment Disorder (radian) of infancy or primaeval childhood which is counted as precise r be disorder in Diagnostic Statistical Manuel. There has been a panoptic range of debates on radian with regard to its difficulties in diagnosing, validity of its subtypes, its susceptibility of being confused with some other disorders, its relation with addendum theory and its interposition methods.In my opinion, RAD has not given much attention and has not been studied much due to these complications. In this paper, my attempt is to discuss these issues about RAD and its interference models by providing with some empirical findings. Reactive Attachment Disorder can historically be traced on the studies with institutionalized children who were deprived from secure attachment and who had multiple c atomic number 18givers. In rattling young institutionalized children who go through social deprivation, Tizard and Rees (1975) identified two types of disorders.The first one was socially indiscriminate/ dis inhibit type, in which children presentationed nonselective preferences of using adults as seeking shelter and tendency to go with the strangers who offered them comfort. In the second type, children were relatively socially wit hdrawn/ inhibited, who showed modified social responsiveness, little positive affect and failure to seek comfort when needed. Later, these behavioral patterns with the prayment of signs forget from pathogenic care were described as reactive attachment disorder. Zeanah Gleason, 2010) Attachment Theory suggests that infants are evolutionarily set to form close, enduring, dependent bond on a primary caregiver. The fulfillment of their physiological needs require close physical contact (Carlson, Sampson Sroufe, 2003). In Diagnostic Statistical Manuel, the only pathology that is officially related to attachment is Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) of infancy or early childhood.The diagnostic criteria for RAD include sick(p) and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness prior to age five, pathogenic care much(prenominal) as unflinching disregard of the childs basic ablaze and physical needs and repeated changes of primary caregiver that prevents development of stable attac hment, and these disturbances are not better accounted for pervasive developmental disorders or developmental delay (DSM-IV-TR, 2007).Two types of RAD behaviors have been classified Inhibited type refers to emotionally withdrawn children who show limited social responsiveness, incertain or contradictory responses, little positive affect and a failure to seek comfort when they timbre distressed. These behavior patterns are believed to be related with experiences with caregivers who do not provide emotional support and comfort when needed. Secondly, disinhibited type refers to children who have diffuse attachment and who show accessive and inappropriate familiarity with strangers.These behaviors are resulting from experiences with caregivers who are not very responsive simply can provide some affection. (Haugaard and Hazan, 2004) Some studies demonstrated that children with RAD might display inhibited behavioral patterns, disinhibited behavioral patterns and both inhibited and disi nhibited behavioral patterns (Smyke, Dumitrescu Zeanah, 2002). However there is a distinction in subclassification of RAD. Some other studies based on the follow-up studies of children placed in adoptive homes showed that inhibited types were nonexistent whereas disinhibited types were much higher (Chisholm, 1998).These findings have raised the question that inhibited and disinhibited types might have various clinical entities. Mary Margaret Gleason and her collegues (2011) examined inconsistent findings and validity of the two types of RAD. The construct validity of two types of RAD was examined by comparing the caregiving part, a putative risk factor for each type of RAD, and attachment security. In lively literature, attachment security is found as inconsistently linked to indiscriminately social/disinhibited RAD and to a greater extent consistently linked with emotionally withdrawn/inhibited RAD.They predicted that each type of RAD would show constancy over time. The resul ts supported the validity of these two types. Signs of inhibited RAD were distinct from the disinhibited type and they were associated with poor caregiving quality (Gleason, Fox, Drury, Smyke, Egger, Nelson, Gregas Zeanah, 2011). There has been an implicit assumption that RAD is caused by attachment deficit however, this assumption whitethorn have blocked the research. There are some difficulties in diagnosing RAD due to complications of assessing attachment. The assessment may be derived from the observations of relationship between child and caregiver.It also may focus on the behavioral outcomes of children (Lyons T. Hardy, 2007). Minnis et. al. (2006) proposed that RAD is construed in intersubjectivity. RAD has raised various questions since there is not a single explanation of the behaviors of children that are afflicted of the disorder. In the DSM-IV classification, diagnostic requirement of grossly pathogenic care does not explain the aspects of social, emotional and physical maltreatment. Children who experienced grossly pathogenic care may display aggressiveness, indiscriminate friendliness, social withdrawal method and poor emotional regulation.However, these behaviors can also be observed in some other disorders such as Conduct disorder, ADHD and autism. accordingly, presuming attachment as a core aetiology may be misleading. They offer, instead, intersubjectivity- the infants brain development is supported by the responses of parents or caregivers. Since this process is forever active, an infant will always be affected by other persons actions and the other persons rejection will have a negative impact on the infant. Although there are some overlaps between intersubjectivity and attachment, intersubjectivity processes are active in all fundamental interaction including low affect.Children who have never experienced intersubjectivity will not have the capacity of removing early senseless relationship and they may be condemned to seek it through out their life (Minnis,Marwick, Arthur McLaughlin, 2006). Through the active process of intersubjectivity, caregivers shake off in the early ages will have a negative effect on the infant. Similar to this claim, Corbin (2007) states that morbid caregiving characteristic of RAD does its harm through the ruptures and developmental difficulties in the early ages (Minnis et al. , 2006).Liggan and Kay (1999) found that early pre-symbolic repositing is an enduring implicit memory that depends on whose existence is inferred from observable influence on emotional behaviors related to early attachment experiences. Implicit memory is an unconscious memory that has the potential to influence the storage of long-run memory. These findings have implication on RAD since early experiences would form prototypes, schemes that affect interpretation of subsequent experiences. Therefore the information stored is not available in conscious reflection and thought.This may explain the insufficient re searches on the effectiveness of some treatment strategies with children with RAD. Nevertheless, some studies showed that attachment therapy and clinical intervention have led to significant advantage on children with RAD. Even though there are some different perspectives on etiology of RAD and presentation of the symptoms, it is largely influenced by early emotional and social deficiencies. Treatment of RAD focuses on enhancing current attachment relationship, creating new attachment relationships and reducing problematic symptoms.Barth et al. (2005) examined the rationale of the development of attachment-based therapies in the treatment of RAD. The findings supported that early anxious attachment is not a direct cause of psychopathology but it is an initiator of pathways associated with later pathology (Sroufe et al. , 1999). Some therapists point out that early frustration of being rejected and impuissance lead pessimistic view of the world and sociopaths such as serial killers may have attachment disorders (Thomas 1997).Although some studies found that most of the adopted children do not have insecure attachment (Singer et al. 1985 JufferRosenboom, 1997), Barth et. al. make out that these studies are characteristically short-term and mostly based on children in non-adoptive families. RAD is considered as very uncommon disorder by American Psychiatric Association 2000,p. 129), however, it is thought that there may be one million children, half of all adopted children, diagnosed with RAD in USA. (Werner-Wilson Davenport, 2003). Millward et al. (2006) examined 100 children in treasure care in Scotland.They predicted that there would be higher symptom scores for RAD in children in care compared with general population controls and that high symptom scores for RAD would be associated with other psychiatrical disorders. Parents and carers took RAD Scale. As they predicted, children living in care had higher rates of mental health problems including RAD. The y were to a greater extent likely to have anxiety, depression, conduct disorder and hyperactivity (Millward, Kennedy, Towlson Minnis, 2006). Attachment based therapies regard the child as a focus of clinical intervention.In this perspective, the purpose of the treatment of RAD is helping the children to release anger resulting from their early negative experiences and teaching the child that new parents can be trusted as caregivers. Wimmer et al. (2009) investigated the effectiveness of attachment therapy in treating adopted children diagnosed with RAD. Adopted parents often face with the lack of affection of their adopted children. They feel that they are unable to contact with the child to establish reciprocal emotional relationship. Attachment therapy aims to provide some improvement in their relationship with their child.Based on the presumption that adopted children may have insecure attachment due to early experiences of deprivation, attachment theory has been developed to im prove childs trust in the adoptive parents. notwithstanding development in childs social and emotional functioning and teaching effective parenting techniques are promises of attachment therapy (Wimmer, Vonk Bordnick, 2009). In order to investigate the effectiveness of attachment therapy, they gathered data from 24 children who were adopted and who had been treated with attachment therapy for three years.

Memorable and striking characters Essay Example for Free

Memorable and smash characters EssayAnother stylus in which Charles demon creates memorable and striking characters is by the mode he describes how the characters look, as in my opinion a definition of what they look uniform helps me to remember the characters. We offshoot read Abel Magwitch rather than clear him. When we do memorize him we learn that he has a terrible voice. On our first impressions we could guess he is a vestige as devil says, As a military soulfulnessnel started up from among the graves. Then a full description of Magwitch begins and fiend throws green goddesss of descriptive words at us in a rhythmic manner.Magwitch is first described as A fearful man All in coarse grey With a great iron on his leg. This is very monosyllabic, suggesting a very basic man. This too immediately gives us the impression that he is an escaped convict, which later in the story we find out he is. In Victorian convictions an escaped convict would have filled the rea der with utter fear. Dickens in any case says that Magwitch isnt erosion any hat, which would be regarded as disrespectful, and that he is not a gentleman, as he isnt wearing a hat.Dickens also usances a lot of verbs in the description regarding the manner Magwitch looks, such as soaked s get downed lamed cut stung and torn which suggests that the environment is hostile towards him and that it has disabled him in whatsoever way. There is also a strong sense of rhythm throughout the description, for example soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles and torn by briars. The fuck by flints is almost onomatopoeic in that it gives a choppy monosyllabic effect to capture the act.Dickens finishes off his description of Abel Magwitch by writing verbs like shivered, limped, glared and growled. The glared and growled gives us alliteration and proves just how sentient being like he is, as Magwitch is conveyed as beast like in a wilderness, who is hunted by society. When remove first sees misplace Havisham he describes her as The strangest lady he had ever seen. There is then a full description of except Havisham that proves just how strange and emotionally scared she is. Dickens says that she is dressed in rich materials- satins, and lace, and silks, we evict range from this that is an extremely stop tote up class woman.We start to realise she is strange when Dickens says everything she wore was white. When he says white, we associate it with a wedding and we learn that she was abandoned at the altar later in the book. She has been at Manor/ Satis house for a desire time, we can tell this when Dickens says, The dress she wore had woolly-headed its lustre, and was faded and yellow, and also when he says The bride within the bridal dress had withered like the dress. We can tell there is no hope left in her and that she is miserable when Charles Dickens says she has Sunken eyes.Now strap sees her as Ghostly waxwork. neglect Havisham is regarded as waxwork, as skin and bones but also as a skeleton. She is like the living dead, if you excuse the oxymoron. The way the characters behave is another way in which Charles Dickens creates his memorable and striking characters. Magwitch behaves in a exclusively bizarre way with fritter away, for example he turns flash upside down, which is a symbolic action for when he turns bit upside down, its like he has off Pips life upside down, which he eventually does.Magwitch also behaves differently as when he finds nigh incision in Pips pocket he eats the bread ravenously, which makes us realise just how hungry and animal like Magwitch is. Magwitch behaves very roughly with Pip as we can see from the descriptions Took me by both arms, and tipped me back as far as he could hold me. This is the action of a man who is do-or-die(a) and needs Pips help. Miss Havisham also behaves not just oddly but the way she behaves is grotesque, as sh e tells Pip I have sick fancies, and I have sick fancies that I want to see some play.I mean who says that to a young boy, its just disgusting. She also supposes Pip almost as presently as he gets through the door, I think that this is because she thinks that just because she is a wealthy she has the right to order Pip about because he is a working class boy. Another way in which she behaves strangely is that she talks out loud but doesnt seem to care if Pip can hear or understand what she is saying. The last way in which Dickens creates both memorable and striking characters is by the way he makes them speak.Speech is a very important vehicle in characterisation as it match a lot about the characters, for example where they are from and their social class. When both Magwitch and Miss Havisham speak, they both use imperatives but we realise that Magwitch needs to issue imperatives out of necessity whereas Miss Havisham wants to issue imperatives because she feels she can because she is an upper class woman and Pip is a working class boy. We realise that there is a lot of communication between Magwitch and Pip, but when Pip is with Miss Havisham he is the audience.We also realise that Magwitch uses you all the time whereas Miss Havisham uses I all the time, as she is full of self-absorption. When we first hear Abel Magwitch speak, he speaks with such military posture and aggression that we think he is a dangerous man. When Magwitch speaks he uses lots of imperatives, such as bear still or Ill cut your throat and Hold your noise these two fourth dimensions are also part of a number of sentences that are monosyllabic. Dickens also uses lots of dialectal grammar for example, Tell us your name. When Magwitch says Pint out the place this suggests that he may be from a particular region as pint is a dialectal word. When Magwitch says What fat cheeks you ha got it is quite comical in a way as Magwitch is so hungry he is wanting to eat Pips cheeks. When Magwit ch turns away as he thinks that Pips mother is nearby we can tell that he lives a life of constantly been afraid. After Pip says that both his parents are dead Magwitch says Ha but this Ha is not an evil ha, it is a desperate man trying to sound sarcastic muttering, which proves just how desperate he is.When he learns that Pip is an orphan we see a side of him, a warm kind side when he asks all these questions, and Magwitch realises that he can depend on Pip. When he orders Pip by saying, You get me a file, and you get me wittles, and you bring em both to me we notice the repetition of the word you that suggests that Magwitch is desperate and in a panic, and that Pip (this young boy) is the further person who can help him. When Magwitch describes the man who is in hiding with him, he creates the most horrific and raging imagery, which indeed scares Pip.When Pip says Goo- good night sir Magwitch replies with Much of that, I wish I was a frog, or an eel which proves just how much he hates himself, and that he wants to be someone/ something else, and with that he goes limping into the distance. When we first hear Miss Havisham she comes across as a little, sad, vulnerable, weak, feeble old lady when she says Who is it? however, even though she says this, it arouses our suspicions because she was the person who invited him, so therefore, is expecting him.When Miss Havisham is speaking there is a lot of commands that are styled as imperatives. Miss Havisham starts to contribute out when she says You are not afraid of a woman who has never seen the son since you were born? When she says this, it is stiff sibilance it is also taunting and full of utter spite. What do I touch broken this sentence is Miss Havishams monologue, it is also full of spite, this sentence is also a very odd thing to say to a young boy such as Pip.When Miss Havisham says, I am tired, I want diversion, and I have done with men and women, play we see that it is all about her, it is full of self-absorption, as she is invariably saying I the readers also realise that something is not quite right when she says this sentence. She then becomes extremely disdainful towards Pip when she says Are you Sullen and Obstinate which proves that Miss Havisham is extremely well educated owing to the long sentences and the complex vocabulary she employs.She also talks in riddles when she says So new to him, so old to me, so strange to him, so familiar to me which is not only comparing herself to Pip, but when she says this sentence, its like she doesnt care if Pip hears and understands her or not. Miss Havisham doesnt think that Pip can do anything for himself and she proves this by saying You can do that. Call Estella. At the door, which is ordering Pip to call Estella in a strange house.I think this is one reason why Pip feels very uncomfortable in Manor house, as it is all in all outside his experience- a working class boy in the presence of middle/ high-class society. When M iss Havisham says to Estella Well you can break his heart we see what her plan is and Miss Havisham is also been very horrible. When she asks Pip, what does he think of Estella? She is being a bit cheeky, quite controlling and very mean, but it is the only sentence she says to him politely.When he does say (in her ear) Miss Havisham keeps prompting him, which in my opinion is very taunting, but overall that is what Miss Havisham is. So to conclude there are three main ways, in which Charles Dickens creates his memorable and striking characters. Firstly by the way he describes the setting, secondly by the way Dickens delineates the characters, for example the way the characters look and behave and thirdly by the way the characters speak.We have learnt that Abel Magwitch is a kind, desperate man who need Pips help, and that Miss Havisham is a strange, grotesque, mean old lady who just likes to boss people around, having said this, in my opinion the reader feels a small amount of sym pathy for her. We wouldnt expect that Magwitch and Miss Havisham are totally reversed on our first impressions, but the whole theme is about our expectations. Dickens has created a number of successful characters, and because of their capturing description we can hear and see the characters, and because we know them and Dickens has brought them alive, we remember them for the rest of our lives.

Why Teens Cant Sleep Essay Example for Free

Why Teens Cant Sleep Essay warren Zevon, American songwriter and musician, once said, Ill sleep when Im dead. Ironic ally, sleep is one of the staple functions of life we need to survive. Teenagers take a sincere nights sleep for granite, often skipping it for a variety of reasons. Howalways, the trunk will never be at its peak performance without a good nights rest. Due to other after school activities, responsibilities, or garmentss teenagers find themselves in mass where they ar up late at night missing out on hours sleep. Some of these set that cause sleep deprivation are out of a teens curb, while others are not.When loosenesss coaches schedule practices late in the evening this often means teens are not going to mother a good nights sleep. This situation is clearly out of a teens control as they must respect their coachs decision. In the beginning of November, the Middletown Football squad held a meeting to talk about our practice in preparation for the hold up game of the season. Because the last football game stretches two weeks into the winter sport season those playing a winter sport and football, such as myself, had to attend both of their practices. Coach Donahue, the football coach, arranged for me to attend wrestling at 230pm to 530pm then go to football practice 6pm to 8pm. I would not get theatre until 830pm. After eating dinner party and finishing homework I was in bed by 11pm. It was then my responsibility to wake up at 530am to prepare for school and do it all over again. Having practice scheduled late in the evening deprived me of hours of sleep and it showed as I would find myself a sleep during my classes. In addition to late sports practices, a teenagers underemployed assembly line excessively can lead to sleep deprivation.Some teenagers rely on their dividing line to inspection and repair support their family or save to support themselves later in college. My best friend, Ylexis, has a part-time job at the Middletow n Galleria AMC. She took this job because she needs the money for college. On a regular basis her recess adviser will schedule her to work after school at 4pm to 8pm. She complains to me all the time in the most vitreous tone that she does not get enough sleep because when she gets home she is responsible for preparing dinner for her younger siblings. After completing her homework she is normally in bed at 10pm or later. Because this job deprives her of time she needs to sleep, Ylexis has talked about quitting then taking a year off after proud school to work for college.Perhaps the most common reason for sleep deprivation in teens is also the one in their control procrastination. Teens tend to put off major assignments that are not collectable the next day. My friend Jose is a great example.Jose is the biggest send for of Duty fan I have ever known, and it hurt him tremendously in the grade book. He told me when Call of Duty Modern Warfare 3 was released, he played online until 1am. As Jose was going to sleep for the night he remembered a two varlet try on due the next day in Psychology class. Jose scrambled to put what he could together, constructing his essay until five in the morning. Upon turning in the essay the teacher told Jose he looked as though he were going to fall out from exhaustion. Jose received a D- on his essay, and he regrets ever having purchased Call of Duty. There are a variety of circumstances, some in a teens control and others that are not, that could cause sleep deprivation. Whether it be a sport, a job, or a bad habit it is vital a teenager get an ample amount of sleep. Sleep is needed to keep the body working efficiently. I do not envy anyone who is caught in all these situations at one time.

Banduras social learning theory Essay Example for Free

Banduras social learning theory EssayOur adopt is based on the theory of operative conditioning and Banduras social learning theory. Operant conditioning states that learning happens through association, and we believe that car advertises are trying to misrepresent their target population associate buying their car with a desired quality/traits/lifestyles e.g. having a lot of young-bearing(pre titulary) attention. Skinner described the ABC model of operant conditioning, which includes an antecedent, behaviour and a consequence. Bandura for his theory stated that learning can only occur if the four criteria (attention, retention, reproduction and motivation) were met. From looking at YouTube adverts we found that smaller cars had a tendency to scram more(prenominal) feminine themes whereas larger cars tended to energize more masculine themes.AimTo whether at that place is a difference between gender and the size of cars they drive.Alternative openingMales will deliver a higher tendency to drive large cars while females will have a higher tendency to drive smaller carsNull HypothesisThere will be no difference in gender and the size of the car they drive, and any difference will be due to chance.METHODDesignThis is an independent group design and a quasi experiment as each participant can only be in either the male or the female category. We will gather our data by tallying, as our study will only include nominal data. This is useful as tallying is easy to analyse and draw up conclusions from. We are only looking at the gender of the driver and the type/size of their cars, so our data is quantitative. This is a non-participant naturalistic overt observation. sightedness as our results are nominal, this is an independent group design and the hypothesis predicts a difference.We will try our trump to operationalise our variables by tallying the cars for the same period of time and by collecting data in divergent locations through unwrap Maidstone. Our IV will be the gender and how dependent variable (DV) will be the size of the cars. To make it easier to see the driver or the car, we will be collecting our data by a narrow d protest of traffic lighters, and tallying in the correct sections.ParticipantsAll of our participants will be over 17, as this is the legal marginal madcap age. We will be using opportunity sampling as only those driving at the time of the study will take part in the study.ApparatusPen, paper and clipboard Procedure1. A table was draw up to collect results in (a copy can be found in appendix)2. Researchers decided time and place of when they will be getting results3. Researches went to location, stood by the nearest traffic light and collect results4. Next lesson, the results were pooled5. Adjustments were made6. Carried out inertial test using chi-squared testControl fender study was non to include family and sports cars as they are marketed other than and tend to be gender neutral. We increase our ecological reasonableity by carrying out the experiment in different places in Maidstone.EthicsWe followed to the highest degree of the good guidelines by ensuring that no participants were harmed physically or psychology and that the results were anonymous. Participants were not given fully-informed consent and were not debriefed as this would be too time consuming, but if a participant was to ask nearly our study they would have been told the true aim of the study and having their results omitted if they want to.We will accept our null hypothesis and abjure our alternative hypothesis because our observed value (1.34) of chi-squared is lower than the critical value(3.841) and this means our results arent significant. Therefore the probability of our results existence due to chance equal p0.5.EvaluationOur results are not generalisable because our participants are only form Maidstone and milieu areas. People from different areas may have different cars and adverts in differe nt cars might be marketed differently where males may not necessarily drive large cars and females drive small cars. To improve the study, we could look at adverts from other countries and if they are different, we could see whether they have an effect on the drivers.By using opportunity sampling, our results were not representative because there might be different people that only drive specifically during a certain time of day.Our results are not reliable as they have inter rater reliability and overly it is likely that participants may not have been driving their own car they might have been driving a family members car or a company car either way they might have not necessarily been driving their own car. This means our results would be unreliable because we are trying to commence out if advertising influences a persons choice in cars we would have to ask the participants if they are driving their own cars and discard the results of those who arent.However, this is would be too time consuming and the only way of doing this efficiently is to do it in a car park but this would mean our sample size would be small.We can likewise tell that our results arent replicable as other members of our class had different results and did accept their alternative hypothesis (we all carried out the same tasks with the same aim but under different conditions) and they are not similar to the place study (Bandura) as his study would suggest that advertising would have an effect on peoples choice on the size of the car.Also, there are other factors that may influence the choice on car, for example the follow of the car. Our results were made insignificant because there were more males driving small cars than large cars but overall there were more small cars than large cars observed in the experiment and this could be due to smaller cars beingness cheaper rather than the way they are being observed.We could carry out the experiment at different types to have more contr ol over extraneous variables in order to try and improve our study.Seeing as our results show that there is no difference between gender and the size of the car, it seems that our study would have applications to accredited life as it shows that advertisers are wasting their money marketing their cars specifically to male/females.The study was valid in that it was a naturalistic observation of real driving behaviour that was not affected by the observer. The drivers of the cars were either male or female. Also, our study has face validity as there are different opinions on types and the sizes of cars, even though there was a general outline, most of us did get humbled about some cars and to those that we could not categorise were not included in the study.Our study would be ethical regardless of the fact that informed consent was not given as if participants were to ask us about the study they would be informed about the true aim.

Crichton Smith Critical Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Crichton Smith Critical Evaluation EssayHome by Iain Crichton Smith is a go around story which creates a sense of time and posture. This essay will examine how the sense of place is shown in setting and will comment on the message the writer has. capital of Mississippi is a man go to his hometown in Glasgow from South Africa. It finds apparent to the reader that the setting, in both time and place, is a very fundamental aspect in conveying the meaning of the text. In the short story it bring forths apparent that the place has changed since Jackson was last here as the city of Glasgow has undergone a period of decline and decay. This is shown in different ways such as characterisation, descriptive language and the use of imagery.Smith shows firstly how very acerb Jacksons hometown has become at the start of the story. He describes how things are poorly maintained like his old tenement has become drab and the walls are described as cook above and dirty blue below, pitted w ith scarsBrown shows how unpleasant the setting is through the use of shun colour imagery. The colour brown very a lot has negative connotations. This instals the reader an immediate negative image of the tenement.Also Smith uses the colour blue which should give a positive image, however he uses it with the backchat dirty which also gives the reader an image of the unpleasant environment around the tenement. Also to give the reader a bit more of a negative image of the electron orbit, Smith writes pitted with scars, which has two meanings in the story one of which is suppose to mean the neighborhood is literally scarred because the area has been very poorly maintained and is very unpleasant. The second meaning is that it is metaphorically scarred because it has had an emotional impact on everyone in the neighbourhood. This is also used to highlight the horrendous sustainment conditions in Glasgow.While Jackson remains regretful about the hardships of the living conditions in Glasgow and in his tenement, Jacksons married woman has a more realistic idea that times have changed in Glasgow when she says to Jackson, Lock the car dear, This shows the candor of this area and shows Jacksons ignorance and that his wife is very wary about that particular area. Jackson shows how nave he unfeignedly is and that he does not realise that the place has changed dramatically and protests They dont do things like that hereThe image of the unpleasantness of the area is again highlighted.as the town had changed a lot since they had left it, that much was clearThe story continues by focusing strongly on the negative changes such as, the loss of the community spirit, the local shops and the loss of friends to featureless estates. Smith is clearly commenting of how the social conditions of Glasgow have changed dramatically through time.Jackson visits his old business, a place of happy memories of. However, upon entering the office his memories are shattered and he begins to realise how uninteresting and unpleasant the office actually is. Jackson stood cringing in that rotting office. This shows that Jacksons view is beginning to change as he draws back and he does not enjoy being back at his old office. Both cringing and rotting have negative connotations and this highlights how uncomfortable he is beginning to feel in an office that appears to be decaying in his eyes. At this point the reader is also meant to see that Jacksons nostalgia destroys the strikingly expressive memory straight off after arguing with the factor of the building.Jackson shows and immediate change of attitude and character when he this instant sees Africa as home by suddenly sayingI wish to God we were homeThis linguistic communication shows the dramatic change in his character. The reader sees how the nostalgia that Jackson had has been completely destroyed. Also he sees people who follow in the tenements as punks when Smith writesBy God, they knew how to deal with punks where he came fromIain Smith uses very effective word choice. Punks shows how Jackson sees people who live in the tenements in a very bad way.The reader is make aware of the ignorance of Jackson and he appears to have learned nothing from his visit and he would have unflurried have acted aggressively.Overall, Home by Iain Crichton Smith is a short story which has been shown throughout. The character of Jackson has changed dramatically because of the setting in place. This short story shows that people can be nave when they are public lecture about where they come from but when they leave and come back again and see a commodious difference which changes the character of the person.

Marketing Mix Analysis of iPad Essay Example for Free

marketing mingle Analysis of iPad EssayExecutive SummaryManaging and developing market smirching incorporate appropriately is extremely principal(prenominal) to firms trade and success. In stray to marketing mathematical increase successfully, the rectify carrefour must be exhibited to right people at the right place, right expense and right time. If a firm arse bonk the marketing mix successfully, as a result, it throw out be a source of competitive proceeds for firms. Each element of the marketing mix should be analyzed and if necessary, adapted to ensure that the right brace is achieved to give the product or service the very best chance of success in the market place. orchard apple tree is a successful social club and its previous product iPod has a superior market percent in the global market due to its brand perception and image as s graduate(prenominal) quality modern brand. In 2010, orchard apple tree launched an innovative product iPad in US, whi ch is a tablet information processing system with spotlight screen. Even in the first launching date iPad had been sold 0.3 million units. The product no doubt is getting support of orchard apple trees brand image and it has changed the way to consumer lifestyle. That is why iPad is estimate as a revolutionary who will aro design a wave to electronic industry.orchard apple trees iPad delivered the foster to the node via marketing mix tools call(a)ed the 4Ps* mathematical product looks good and works well.* Right wrong.* Right place at the right time.* triumphful promotion helps to a larger output.orchard apple tree followed this by innovation and introducing peeled products in the market to satisfy consumers necessitys and wants. The current author here will use the theories, concepts of marketing mix to analysis the iPad.The remainder of this essay is structured into five parts. It begins by defining marketing mix and its evolution. Second, it analyse the society, iPad, its competitor and consumer. Third, it illuminates the marketing mix by analysing iPad. Finally it ends with the oerall assessment and conclusion.table of contents1. door and Definition31.1Definition of Marketing31.2Definition of Customer Value and Value Proposition31.3Definition of Marketing Mix42.Description of Apple iPad42.1Brief Introduction of Apple42.2Introduction of iPad52.3Brief Consumer Profile62.4Brief Competitor Profile73.Marketing Mix Analysis of iPad73.1Product73.2Price103.3Place123.4 promotion144.Assessment of overall Value Delivered165.Conclusion166.References181. Introduction and Definition2.1 Definition of MarketingMarketing is the process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others and forging consanguinitys with nodes. (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2009). This definition recognizes the splendour of creating a long term relationship with customers and identifies the importance of satisfying customer wants.2.2 Definition of Customer Value and Value Proposition Customer value is the difference amidst the values that the customer gains from owning and using a product and the costs of obtaining the product. Put it simply, customer value is wee-weed when the perceptions of benefits received from a transaction exceed the costs of ownership. The same idea bed be expressed as a ratio (Chiristopher, 1996) Customer value = experiences of benefitsThe definition of customer value hint is a well defined and persuasive marketing statement related to a specific product or service that details the reasons why a consumer would benefit from purchasing it. A value marriage allege is the definition of a firms promise to create and deliver customer value (Chapelet and Tovstiga, 1998). chassis 1.2.1 A ideal of value creation and the marketing process source Adapted from Kotler Brown Burton Deans Armstrong, (2010), Marketing 8th rendering figureure 1.2.1 shows a typic al model of value creation and the marketing process. Put it simple, marketing is a process cycle which consists of 5 simple steps as below i. Customer buys or possible customer is contacted to understand the marketplace. ii. Finding out how the customer liked the product or what is needed. iii. Analysing these data and creating a plan that includes goals, strategy and its marketing mix. iv. Implement the plan that delivers value to customer which results in the customers buying the product and creating customer delight. v. Repeating the cycle starting with step (i) to step (iv) to make a better product sold with a better plan and continuously keeping this cycle going. Hence, create profits and customer equity.2.3 Definition of Marketing MixThe concept of the Marketing Mix was first created by Neil H. Borden in his article called The concept of the Marketing Mix in 1964. In his article he explained the importance of a market to try to mix ingredients in their process in the market in order to be successful.E. Jerome McCarthy later grouped these ingredients into the four categories that ar known as the 4Ps of marketing (Product, Price, Place and Promotion).Product What does the customer want from the product/service? Price What is the value of the product or service to the emptor? Place Where do buyers look for the product or service?Promotion Where and when green goddess get crossways the marketing messages to targetmarket? 2. Description of Apple iPad3.4 Brief Introduction of AppleApple Inc., founded in 1976, is an American multinational corporation which is best-known for its hardware and software products. The hardware products are Macintosh, iPod, iPhone and iPad. One grammatical case of the famous software of Apple is iTunes, a proprietary media player application that works with iTunes store and allows customers to download music and offers other features of consumer electronics.Fortune magazine named Apple as the most admired company in the U S in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2012.3.5 Introduction of iPadOn January 27, 2010, Apple introduced the practically-anticipated media tablet, the iPad (As shown in physique2.2.1).Fig 2.2.1 Introduction of iPad (source www.apple.com)The iPad measure 9.7 inch wide screen display with multi touch screen with 1024 x 768 resolutions which is lighter and thready than any other notebooks or laptops. Its internal 25 watt-hour battery can run up to 10 hours of video, 140 hours of audio playback and one month on standby as Apple claims. Steve Jobs stated that, with the interpolation of the iPad, Apple had opened a market for a invigorated class of mobile devices. (As shown in Fig 2.2.2)Fig2.2.2 Apple iPad First Hands-on (source http//www.ipadforums.net)3.6 Brief Consumer ProfileConsumer market can be defined as all the individuals and households who buy or acquire goods and services for personal exercise and consumer buying behavior can be defined as the buying behavior of final consumers, individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption (Kotler, 2009). Table 2.3.1 shows the analysis of market segmentation for iPad.SEGMENTATION BASE SELECTEDSEGMENTATION VARIABLESGeographic SegmentationRegion westward Malaysia, east MalaysiaCity size Major metropolitan areas, citiesDensity of area UrbanClimate Hot, humid, showeryDemographic SegmentationAge 18-34, 35-49, 50-64Sex Male, femaleMarried status Single, married, divorced, living together Income RM40,000 and overEducation College, college graduate, postgraduateOccupation Professional, white-collarPsychologicalNeeds Sense of self-worth, fashionablePersonality Extroverts, novelty-seeker, aggressivesPerception Low-riskLearning-involvement High-involvementAttitudes Possitive attitudePsychographicLifestyle Couch-potatoes, outdoor enthusiasts, status-seekers Cultures Malay, Chinese, Indian, and other foreignersReligion Muslim, buddhism, hinduism, christian, catholic, and others Social Midd le, upperFamily Bachelors, young married, full nesters, revoke nesters give-Rated SegmentationUsage rate Heavy users, medium usersAwareness status Aware, interested, enthusiasticBrand fealty StrongUse-Situation SegmentationTime Leisure, work, morning, nightObjective Personal, fun, achievementLocation Home, work, mega mall, restaurantPerson Self, family members, friends, peers proceeds Segmentation Convenience, social buy upance, easy e-book reading, value-for-the-money, service Table 2.3.1 Market segmentation for iPadFrom analysis above can see that most of Apples users are high-end clients who have the strong purchasing power, easily accept new technology and they are very loyal to Apple.3.7 Brief Competitor ProfileApple iPad nonplus threats and impact to PC industry in some way. On one hand, the hot-sell of iPad wins some PC manufacturers make up ones mind foot in this field. So the other tablet computers will be the biggest competitor, such as blackberrys playbook, this is a tablet computer which located in dividing line person, and it will overly attract publics eyes because of its vast multimedia function.On the other hand, the price advantage of netbook is also a challenge to iPad. After all compared with traditional computer, iPad may not a necessity. To some business and professional people, they will choose the traditional notebook rather than iPad.3. Marketing Mix Analysis of iPad concord to the information that searches from magazines and meshwork, the author knows many information of iPad. The author here will use the theories, concepts of marketing mix to analysis the iPad.4.8 ProductProduct means the goods-and-services combination the company offers to the target market. (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2009).The iPad bridges the gap between smart phone and laptop, it offers equivalent range of features and functions that a computer does. It has internet capabilities running on both(prenominal) Wi-Fi and 3G. Some of the features are discussed previously. Fig 3.1.1 shows its tech specs.Access to Apple Apps Store which has over 300,000 applications and to iTunes are attractive features of iPad.Fig 3.1.1 Tech Specs for Apple iPad (source http//www.apple.com)Value delivered to customer1) Convenient to Carry and Easy to UseCompared to functionalities and performance, it is surprised that iPad weighs only 1.5 pounds. It is very thin and sleek measuring only 0.5 inches.This lightweight iPad is very utilizable for business trip, making it easy to transport as compared to a laptop. Not only it is easier to carry it around, entirely also be able to use it to check e-mails, show videos and photos to people instantly whenever required with its long battery life, which at 10 hours is 2-5 times longer than a notebook (As shown in Fig 3.1.2).Fig 3.1.2 E-mail and photo function for iPad (source http//www.cnbeta.com)2) Easy for E-Book ReadingOne benefit that cant little girl is the iBooks Application. Customer can download the favorite e-books to iPad and read while traveling (As shown in Fig 3.1.3).Fig 3.1.3 E-books on Apple iPad (source http//www.telegraph.co.uk)Retrieving books to read on ibooks application on iPad is simply easy. Browse through the e-bookshelf on the iPad, choose one title wish to read and click, the book opens in front. Customer can weigh the book in portrait or landscape, and the way the pages flip is awesome flip it with finger and looks provided like a real book.3) Excellent Service for CustomerWhats more than, the service of iPad is very nice. Apple has its own key service iTunes. Customer can get this value to enjoy the all kinds of internet resources such as music, video and applications (As shown in Fig 3.1.4).Fig 3.1.4 iTunes on Apple iPad (source http//www.ipadforums.net guardian.co.uk guardia guardia)The iTunes online store makes it improbably easy to obtain songs and load them onto the devices. When customer wants to watch or listen, they neither need to search from the CDs nor telly channels. What they need to do is just opening the iTunes, all they want is in iTunes, it let the media browse much faster, it is easier to sort. 4.9 PricePrice is the amount of money customers have to remuneration to obtain the product. (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2009).The iPad is priced starting from $499 for 16 GB storage to $829 for 64GB storage and 3G connectivity. In detail, tab 3.2.1 shows the price of iPad selling in Malaysia.iPad 16G 32G 64GWi-Fi RM 1, 549.00 RM 1, 849.00 RM 2, 149.00Wi-Fi + 3G RM 1, 999.00 RM 2, 299.00 RM 2, 599.00Tab 3.2.1 Selling price of iPad (source http//www.apple.com guardian.co.uk guardia guardia)Value delivered to customer1) Eco-friendly Device for Environment ProtectionThe iPad is do of recyclable glass and Aluminum and the package material is recyclable the packing is efficiently done. It is not using Arsenic, PVC, bromine fire, Mercury as the company has restricted the use of harmful chemicals.With such price, c ustomers are not buying the fashionable device only, more importantly, they are making contri scarceion to environment protection. Fig 3.2.1 shows how green is the iPad.Fig3.2.1 How green is the iPad (source http//sortable.com)2) Flexible Price as Actual NeedsThe iPad price varies according to its storage capacity and the internet access capacity, which leads to reducing the initial cost on the first ever tablets based on customers actually inevitably and application (As shown in Fig3.2.2).Fig3.2.2 Price and configuration of the iPad (source http//www.apple.com)3) Cost Saving with Maxis Bundled PackageIt is available on Maxis bundled packages with a 24-month contract based on different types of iPad internet plan (As shown in Fig 3.2.3). By doing so, the price of iPad has been dropped down from RM450 to RM950. The plan is much more attractive not only for those who cant expend to pay for the high price, but also for some of the SME to extend their business.Fig 3.2.3 Maxis iPad Bun dled Packages (source http//www.maxis.com.my) 4.10 PlacePlace includes company activities that make the product available to target consumers. (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2009).Apple started selling the iPad not only from its official websites, but also retail outlets and Apple Store.Value delivered to customer1) Easy Walk-in Location for PurchaseThe iPad can be purchased from Apple Store, Apple Premium Reseller and Apple Authorized Reseller located in Malaysia.All shops are conveniently located and beautifully designed, identified by the large backlit Apple logo, such as in most famous shopping mall like Sunway Primary, One Utama, KLCC and Mid Valley in Selangor, rase in Melaka,Penang, Sabah and Sarawak. The value is so easy for customer to come and have a journey on iPad (As shown in Fig 3.3.1).Fig 3.3.1 Apple shops in MalaysiaIn each shop, customer will be able to find dedicated Apple-trained and Apple-certified Mac experts who can come up with the right solution for you.2) Time-Saving Online poseApple iPad are also available on internet for the customers on Apples website. Online purchase is the easiest and time saving way for most of them (As shown in Fig 3.3.2).Fig3.3.2 Online Apple store for iPad (source http//www.apple.com)On the website, the Apple explains the digit of features and benefits of iPad. This adds the value to the consumers as convenience is a value that people appreciate and for which they will pay more than the actual price.3) Golden Service for Apple LoyaltyWhen customer are on the go, the Apple Store app is the best way to research, personalize and buy products from Apple and get the most out of customers visits to the Apple Retail Store for Apple loyal fans. Fig 3.3.3 shows what can do with the Apple Store app on the iPhone or iPod touch from search to pay.Fig3.3.3 Apple store apps for iPhone and iPod Touch (source http//www.apple.com)4.11 PromotionPromotion means activities that communicate the merits of the product and persu ade target customers to buy it. (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2009)Apple Company had been promoting the iPad with the help of social media campaigns and multi-channel media strategy.Value delivered to customer1) Multiple Channel for Better Understanding of iPadThe online promotion by Apple on Facebook, YouTube and other related websites approaches to the consumers added more value to the decision of consumers of buying iPad. Same like in stores all the information is available online for customers. Customers can download brochure from its website for their convenience.When Apple announced the idea of iPad, most fans indite blogs and share through internet. Customer will see them and many videos about iPad, some of them are made by Apple and some are made by other people. These blogs and videos are shared by many other people through many ways (As shown in Fig 3.4.1).Fig3.4.1 Video sharing about iPad (source http//www.9to5iPad.com/)2) Custom Engraving of iPadApple had offered fr ee iPad engraving from its online store, allowing customers to add a personal touch to the tablet in time for the holiday seasons (As shown in Fig 3.4.2). Customers are given the option to encrypt up to 2 lines of free text on the back of an iPad after selecting an iPad model and any craved accessories from the online store.Fig 3.4.2 Website about iPad engraving (Source http//store.apple.com/)3) Free Delivery for On-line PurchaseWhen purchasing the iPad online from Apples official website, customer will get the value of free delivery. Just wait for 3-4 business days, the product will be arrived on hand safely. 4. Assessment of Overall Value DeliveredApple has always hardened a major emphasis on the marketing and the brand awareness of its products. The iPads advantage is that they offer several different features in one product. Converging all the new technology into one product is the route apple is seeking. Its making life easier for their consumers by being able to conduct many applications in the one product.Apples iPad followed all the 4Ps of marketing mix to deliver the high level of value to the customers. The company has manufactured an iPad using strong in-built applications. The gadget permits people to work and hatch anytime anywhere, as a value of experiencing its easy and convenient use. It provides value to customers through a huge number of features which helps in saving time and energy. Adding more to customer value the price of iPad is competitive and flexible in the market as discussed above. It advertised on T.V., newspapers, magazine, radios and also on internet, which makes people have clearer understanding in various channel. It provides value by available at all the apple stores and website.From the iPads 4Ps analysis, we can easily see the difference of it, and can answer the question why people buy it which seems unessential product. Apple iPad satisfy their needs and this delivers the value as a product and service in term of fea tures, style performance, durability, quality, reliability and design to the customer. 5. ConclusionApple iPad is a new product which has made a dent in the history of tablet business domain and the first successful product. This has also burn the demand for new and improved tablets from Apple and other competitors.Apple has used the 4Ps of marketing in a very efficient and proper manner, so that added the value to the customers decisions of purchasing iPad. When Apple introduced iPad, they intended to come across the consumers wants and demands which would satisfy to their lifestyles. Apple in future which demands more innovative products and the company still need to adapt to expected changes in iPad which they have already started in their new iPad 2. With their experience, they are able to continue strengthen its position in the industry.6. References1. Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong. (2009). Principles of Marketing. (7th Edition). Australia. Pearson. 2. Kotler Brown Burton Dean s Armstrong. (2010). Marketing (8th Edition). Australia. Pearson. 3. Borden, N. H. (1964). The concept of the Marketing Mix. journal of Advertising Research. Vol II 4. APDGT YAMAMOTO. Understanding Customer Value Concept Key To Success. pp. 547-552. 5. Chapelet, B. and Tovstiga, G. (1998), Development of a research methodology for accessing a firms business process-related technologies, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 15 Nos , pp. 10-30. 6. Apple Annual Reports, 20107. www.apple.com8. www.maxis.com.my

Parasitology (Helminthology) Essay Example for Free

Parasitology (Helminthology) EssayLoa loa is a filarial parasite transmitted by tabanid female flies of the genus Chrysops (C silacea and C dimidiate). The incidence of infection within autochthonic contri preciselyion of the central and west African rain forest is high with 20-40% of the population being microfilaraemic , and about double as many habouring big worms without showing patent microfilaraemia (Dupont et al.,2007). The freehanded worms actively migrate through hypodermic tissues at rates of up to 1cm/ min. Female Loa loa measures 50- 70mm in aloofness and 0. 5mm in diameter, while the males measures 30 -35mm in length and 0.4mm in diameter. The microfilariae forms, measures 290-300m by 6-8m in size. During infection the microfilariae forms be released into the blood stream, where they acquire numerous between 10a m and 2pm(diurnal periodicity).Moreso, the presence of the sheath and three or more terminal nuclei piss it off the microfilariae of L. loa from o ther blood borne microfilariae. ( Strickland, 2000) Transmission is by day cutting female tabanid flies, which pick up the microfilaria of L loa during blood meals . The injested microfilariae lose their sheath , penetrate the gut wall of the tabanid female fly, and migrate to the stalls of the fat organic structure , where they molt twice . The infective filariform larvae (L3) prepare in 10 to 12 days and moves to the proboscis. When new host is biting by the female tabanid fly, the infective filariform larvae are injected and develop into magnanimous worms over the course of 6- 12months .( John and Wayne, 2005) L loa infection ( Loiasis) is quite broad , ranging from asymptomatic infection to life threatening complication, which includes meningoencephalitis ,renal failure and endomyocardial fibrosis. therefore , L loa infection often induces a mild to moderate pathology with patients presenting with pruritis, localized angioedema (Calabar swelling), arthralgia or ocular proble ms caused by conjunctival migration of adult worms. Also, fibrotic or inflammatory reactions around adult worm whitethorn cause hydrocele or intestinal blockage. (Strickland, 2000) The level of microfilariaemia is a critical parameter in the transmission of disease(Piessens and Partono ,2007). Immunity may be seen as a control measure of microfilariaemia, killing of adult worm or a justification to infection that operates against the infective L3 stage. However, studies of the host resistant solution implements implicated in the control of microfilaraemia , in the amicrofilaraemic ( Mf- ) unmarried fill shown evidence of anti eubstance- dependent cell cytotoxicity, not only for Loa loa infection, but too for other filariasis.Thus, the travel anti- sheath antibodies is present in sera of amicrofilaraemic (Mf- ) Loa loa give person and absent in heavily infected (Mf+)microfilaraemic individual ( Pinder et al ., 1990) Many studies on molecular biology, concerning cellular immu ne responses induced by filariae infections and their implication in protection and control of microfilaraemia have been carried out. Although , no studies have been published on the cellular response of Loa loa , but a greater cellular reactivity have been report in non endemic individual,who are amicrofilaraemic(Mf) , in comparison with endemic individual who are microfilaraemic (Mf+) infected with Loa loa(ref).Thus , the T -cell cellular response plays an primal percentage in mediating immunity and study intent for antibody dependent cellular cytotoxic mechanisms in destroying parasites. (Couissinier and Dessein, 1995) The documental of this term paper aims at looking at the role of pathology , mediated by cellular immune response in an Loa loa infected individuals.Source (www.cdc.gov) Date 02/19/2011 Figure 1. Diagrammatic LIFE rung OF Loa loaDuring a blood meal, an infected fly (genus Chrysops, day-biting flies) introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound. The larvae develop into adults that publicly reside in subcutaneous tissue. The female worms measure 50 to 70 mm in length and 0.5 mm in diameter, while the males measure 30 to 35 mm in length and 0.4 mm in diameter. Adults produce microfilariae measuring 250 to 300 m by 6 to 8 m, which are sheathed and have diurnal periodicity.Microfilariae are usually recovered from spinal fluids, urine, and sputum. During the day they are bring in marginal blood, but during the non- circulation phase, they are pitch in the lungs. The tabanid fly ingests microfilariae during a blood meal. after ingestion, the microfilariae lose their sheaths and migrate from the flys midgut through the hemocoel to the thoracic muscles of the arthropod. There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae (L1) and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae (L3). The third-stage infective larvae migrate to the fly proboscis and can infect another huma n when the fly takes a blood meal.PATHOLOGY of Loa loa clinical manifestations are vari satisfactory and are more momentous in visitors to an endemic region than in innate people. Severity scopes from a mild nuisance as the occasional worm passes beneath the conjunctiva of the eye to significant CNS invasion and coma in people with a high microfilaremia. (Strickland, 2000) The close common and symptomatic findings in loiasis are Calabar swellings, which are focal regions of angioedema, usually located in the extremities. These erythematous swellings occur suddenly, range in size from 5 to 15 cm, and resolve gradually over hours to days. The cause is unknown, but they may represent an immune response to antigenic material at a region where the worm has migrated. Calabar swellings broadly occur at only one site at a time and may echo sporadically for years, even after a person has left an endemic region.Interestingly, they are more common in visitors to an endemic region than i n the local inhabitants. Fatigue and arthralgias also are not uncommon. ( Strickland ,2000) Subconjunctival migration of the adult worm, which is the eye worm, is generally accompanied by transient swelling of the eye lid and intense conjunctivitis. Although most episode resolve spontaneously and completely, however rare cases of retinal artery occlusion and macular retinopathy due to abnormal migration of the adult worm have reported (Ralph and Eagle(Jr), 2010). The most serious complication of Loa loa infection is meningoencephalitis, which is associated with the central spooky system CNS and occurs predominantly in patients with high numbers of circulating microfilariae. The severity of CNS elaborateness ranges from mild headache, meningismus coma and death. More so, the microfilariae are found in the cerebrospinal fluid, and in fatal cases, degenerating microfilariae consequence to necrotic granulomas in the brain. ( Oyerinde , 1999)Another serious complication associated Lo a loa infection, is membranous glomerulonephritis. It occurs in patients with hematuria and proteinuria, which may be due to immune complex. Also, Loiasis may be one cause of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis are also features of loiasis , but are less prevalent than in other filarial infection. Thus , when Loa loa microfilariae are found within lymph nodes , they may be intravascular or within adjacent microabscesses, they also wander throughout the body and have been reported seen in sleep , lung , gut and CNS.(Oyerinde , 1999) Loiasis have also been implicated in the aetiology of some cases of endomyocardial fibrosis in equatorial Africa based on the higher prevalence of endomyocardial fibrosis in Loa endemic areas than in other regions in Africa and higher level of antibodies detected in some individuals and also higher levels of antifilarial antibodies is reported to have been detected in some individual with endomyocardial fibrosis. (Oyerinde , 1999)(Source. Marty and Anderson, 1995) Figure 2. Adult nematodes migrating beneath the conjunctiva of the human eye. . tolerant RESPONSE AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF Loa loa Immunity may be seen as control of microfilaraemia, killing of adult worm or a resistance to infection that operates against the infective L3 stage. Like the other microfilarial nematode , Loa loa is able to survive in it host by modulating the host immune response .However, studies of the host immune mechanism implicated in the control of microfilaraemia in the amicrofilaraemic individuals have shown evidence of antibody -dependent cellular cytotoxicity in Loa loa infection.( Baize et al.,1997 ). Circulating anti sheath antibodies have been reported to be present in the sera of amicrofilaraemic (Mf-) individual and absent in the sera of microfilaraemic ordained individual (Mf+).This antibodies are effective in mediating complement-dependent leukocyte in adherence to micofilariae.( Baize et al., 1997) Many studi es on molecular biology, concerning cellular immune responses induced by filariae infections and their implication in protection and control of microfilaraemia have been carried out. Although , no studies have been published on the cellular response of Loa loa , but a greater cellular reactivity have been reported in non endemic individual,who are amicrofilaraemic(Mf-) , in comparison with endemic individual who are microfilaraemic (Mf+) infected with Loa loa. Thus , the T -cell cellular response plays an important role in mediating immunity and major role for antibody dependent cellular cytotoxic mechanisms in destroying parasites.( Maizels et al,2008).Recently, attention is been paid to the involvement of T helper (Th) subset in antifilarial response. The T cell response plays an important role in mediating immunity and a major role for antibody dependent cellular cytotoxic mechanisms in damaging parasites. Moreover , many studies have compared the proliferation and cytokine pro file of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from microfilaraemic (MF+)individual and amicrofilaraemic individual(Mf -) infected with Loa loa in response to antigens of several parasitic stage. Thus , a stronger lymphoproliferative response and consistent levels of some(prenominal) Th1 ( IL-2 interleukin- 2,IFN- interferon gamma) and Th2 (IL -4,IL-5) type cytokine are reported to be observed in response to adult worm and microfilariae antigen in amicrofilaraemic (Mf-) patient, while the microfilariae positive(Mf+) patient is characterized by deadness of T cell to proliferation and issue of cytokine .( Baize et al., 1997)The unresponsiveness of T cell in microfilariae positive individual (Mf+) is reportedly associated with the IL-10 cytokines ,which down regulate the function of both the Th-1 and Th-2 cells by inhibiting the proliferation and mathematical product of IFN- , IL-4 and IL-5. Moreover, a significant high production of IL-10 by amicrofilaraemic (Mf-) individual, compared with microfilariae positive (MF+) individual and akin expression of IL-10 mRNA support the guess that IL-10 alone is not responsible for the unresponsiveness of the T cell in Mf+.( Karita et al.,2010) Furthermore ,the adult female worm and the infective larva L3 elicit Th2 responses , with high IL 4 production and appearance of IgG1 and IgE antibodies ,whereas exposure only to microfilariae elicits Th1 responses , characterized by high initial IFN- production and IgGa antibody. However, chronic exposure to microfilariae can lead to Th2 responsesCONCLUSION.The pathology of filariasis is immune- mediated, in which the host immune response plays a major role in protecting and controlling infection in individuals. Although , study carried out on the cellular immune response, concerning the proliferation and production T cellular response in both amicrofilaraemic (Mf-) and microfilariae ( Mf+) individual , is significative of Th1 and Th2 cytokines response to adult worm and mi crofilariae antigen in amicrofilariae (Mf-) , and unresponsive in microfilariae (Mf+)(ref).However, T cell unresponsiveness in Mf+ patients associated with the IL-10 down regulation of the Th-1 and Th-2 cytokines is not a conclusive evidence of T cell unresponsiveness to microfilariae positive (Mf+) patient.REFERENCESBaize ,S, Wahl, G, Soboslay,PT, Egwang,TG, and Georges,AJ, (1997). T helper responsiveness in human Loa loa infection defective specific proliferation and cytokine production by CD4+ T cells fron micofilaraemic subjects compared with amicrofilaraemics. Clin Exp Immunol 108272-278 .Couissinier Paris ,P, and Dessein ,AJ, (1995). 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